The Mobile Virtual Network Operation Regulations, 2012 are made under clause (o) of Sub-section 2 of Section 5 of Pakistan Telecommunication (Re-organization) Act, 1996 by the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority. It extends to the whole of Pakistan. The Mobile Virtual Network Operator Regulations, 2012 in Pakistan, established by the Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA), govern the operations of Mobile Virtual Network Operators (“MVNO”) in the country. The MVNOs are companies that provide mobile services without owning the physical telecommunications infrastructure; instead, they lease network services from existing mobile network operators (“MNOs”) to offer services under their own brand. These Regulations outline the requirements for MVNO licensing and registration, emphasizing consumer protection, transparency, and fair services. The MVNOs are encouraged to interconnect with MNOs and other service providers, enhancing service coverage and options for customers. While MVNOs are not allowed to directly hold spectrum, they can negotiate spectrum access with MNOs. Compliance with all applicable regulations and standards is mandatory, ensuring that MVNOs operate within Pakistan’s legal telecommunications framework. These Regulations serve to promote competition, innovation, and affordability in the mobile telecommunications sector by enabling new market entrants while maintaining industry standards and consumer rights.